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AI research company and developer of ChatGPT

OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence company founded in December 2015. Originally a nonprofit, it restructured to include a capped-profit subsidiary in 2019. The company developed the GPT...

Permissive open-source software license

The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It permits reuse, modification, and distribution of software with minimal restrictions,...

Cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces

GTK (formerly GIMP Toolkit, then GTK+) is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces. Originally developed for the GIMP image editor, it became one of...

Systems programming language designed as a successor to C

Zig is a general-purpose systems programming language created by Andrew Kelley. It compiles to native machine code and emphasizes manual memory management without hidden control flow or garbage...

Cloud infrastructure automation company

HashiCorp is a software company founded in 2012 by Mitchell Hashimoto and Armon Dadgar. It produces infrastructure automation tools including Terraform, Vault, Consul, and Nomad. The company went...

Co-founder of HashiCorp, creator of Vagrant, Terraform, and Ghostty

Mitchell Hashimoto is a software engineer and entrepreneur based in Manhattan Beach, California. He co-founded HashiCorp in 2012, where he helped create infrastructure tools including Vagrant,...

Financial technology company

Arcesium is a financial technology company that provides post-trade technology and services to the investment management industry. Originally incubated within D.E. Shaw Group, it became an...

City in Massachusetts, United States

Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, directly across the Charles River from Boston. It is home to Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The city has a...

Private university in Pilani, Rajasthan, India

The Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani) is a private deemed university in Pilani, Rajasthan, India, established in 1964. It has additional campuses in Goa, Hyderabad, and...

Public technical university in Kharagpur, India

The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur) is a public technical and research university in Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Established in 1951, it was the first of the Indian...

Private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636. It is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Harvard's endowment...

Technology product discovery platform

Product Hunt is a website where users share and discover new technology products. Founded by Ryan Hoover in 2013, it was acquired by AngelList in 2016. The platform allows makers to launch products...

Co-Founder of The Almanac

Kushagra Chitkara is a data scientist and co-founder of The Almanac. He graduated from IIT Kharagpur and pursued a Master's in Data Science at Harvard University. Before co-founding The Almanac, he...

CEO and Co-Founder of The Almanac

Rohan Sharma is an AI entrepreneur and machine learning researcher based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He co-founded The Almanac in October 2025, an AI-powered biography platform. He holds a B.Tech...

Relic building currency in Goodgame Empire

The Upgrade Token is a currency in Goodgame Empire used to upgrade and construct relic buildings, including the Relic Brewery, Relic Apiary, Barracks (levels 6-15), districts, and defensive...

Relic building currency in Goodgame Empire

The Construction Token is a currency in Goodgame Empire used to construct and upgrade relic buildings, including the Relic Brewery, Relic Apiary, Barracks (levels 6-15), districts, and defensive...

Mead production building in Goodgame Empire

The Relic Brewery is a sovereign civil production building in Goodgame Empire that converts food and honey into mead. Unlocked via Hall of Legends research at Legendary level 45, it is limited to one...

Elite troop class in Goodgame Empire

Sovereign Units are the most powerful troop class in Goodgame Empire, unlocked through the Hall of Legends using Sceats. There are eight sovereign units: four consume mead (Shield-maiden, Valkyrie...

Endgame currency in Goodgame Empire

Sceats are an endgame currency in Goodgame Empire used to unlock sovereign buildings, upgrade sovereign units, and purchase items from the Master Blacksmith. Players can hold a maximum of 99,999...

Endgame research building in Goodgame Empire

The Hall of Legends is an endgame building in Goodgame Empire that unlocks at Legendary level. It serves as the research hub for sovereign content, allowing players to spend Sceats to unlock...

Application of transformer architecture to computer vision

The Vision Transformer (ViT) is a model architecture introduced by Google researchers in 2020 that applies the transformer's self-attention mechanism to image recognition by splitting images into...

OpenAI's series of decoder-only transformer language models

The Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) series is a family of decoder-only transformer language models developed by OpenAI. GPT-1 (2018) demonstrated that pre-training on large text corpora...

Bidirectional encoder-only transformer language model by Google (2018)

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a language model introduced by Google researchers in October 2018. It uses the encoder portion of the transformer architecture with...

Neural network architecture for sequential data processing

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of neural networks where connections form directed cycles, allowing the network to maintain hidden state across sequential inputs. RNNs were the dominant...

Automated translation of text between languages

Machine translation is the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. Early systems relied on rule-based methods, followed by statistical approaches in the...

Neural network trained on large text corpora to generate and understand language

A large language model (LLM) is a neural network with billions of parameters trained on massive text datasets to predict and generate natural language. Modern LLMs are based on the transformer...

Neural network mechanism for relating different positions in a sequence

Self-attention is a mechanism in neural networks where each element in a sequence computes attention weights over all other elements in the same sequence, allowing the model to capture dependencies...

Annual machine learning and computational neuroscience conference

The Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS, formerly NIPS) is an annual academic conference on machine learning and computational neuroscience. First held in 1987, it is one of...

Layer-1 blockchain platform

NEAR Protocol is a layer-1 blockchain platform co-founded by Illia Polosukhin, one of the co-authors of the "Attention Is All You Need" paper, and Alexander Skidanov. It uses a sharded proof-of-stake...

Biotech company applying AI to RNA drug design

Inceptive is a biotechnology company co-founded by Jakob Uszkoreit, one of the co-authors of the "Attention Is All You Need" paper. Based in Berlin, the company applies transformer-based deep...

Tokyo-based AI research company

Sakana AI is a Tokyo-based artificial intelligence research company co-founded by Llion Jones, one of the co-authors of the "Attention Is All You Need" paper. The company was valued at approximately...

Enterprise AI company

Cohere is a Canadian enterprise AI company co-founded in 2019 by Aidan Gomez, Ivan Zhang, and Nick Chicken. Headquartered in Toronto, it builds large language models for business applications...

Conversational AI company

Character.AI is an American AI company co-founded in 2021 by Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas, both former Google engineers. The platform lets users create and chat with AI-generated characters. In...

Google's deep learning research team (2011–2023)

Google Brain was a deep learning research team at Google founded in 2011 by Andrew Ng and Jeff Dean. The team produced foundational work including the transformer architecture ("Attention Is All You...

American technology company, subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.

Google is an American technology company founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University. It operates the world's most-used search engine and became...

Member of Technical Staff at OpenAI

Łukasz Kaiser is a Polish-born theoretical computer scientist. He worked at Google Brain where he co-authored the 2017 "Attention Is All You Need" paper introducing the transformer architecture. He...

Co-founder of Essential AI and Adept AI, ex-Google Brain

Niki Parmar is a machine learning researcher and entrepreneur. She earned a master's degree from the University of Southern California in 2015, joined Google, and co-authored the 2017 "Attention Is...

Co-founder of Sakana AI

Llion Jones is a Welsh computer scientist. He studied AI at the University of Birmingham, joined Google Research, and co-authored the 2017 "Attention Is All You Need" paper. He suggested the paper's...

Co-founder of NEAR Protocol

Illia Polosukhin is a Ukrainian-born software engineer and entrepreneur. He worked at Google on the search answers team and co-authored the 2017 "Attention Is All You Need" paper, though he left...

Co-founder and CEO of Cohere

Aidan Gomez is a Canadian AI researcher and entrepreneur from Ontario. As an undergraduate intern at Google Brain from Geoffrey Hinton's lab at the University of Toronto, he co-authored the 2017...

Co-founder and CEO of Inceptive, co-author of "Attention Is All You Need"

Jakob Uszkoreit is a computer scientist and the son of computational linguist Hans Uszkoreit. He joined Google's translation group and pioneered the self-attention concept that became the basis for...

VP Engineering at Google DeepMind, co-author of "Attention Is All You Need"

Noam Shazeer is a software engineer who joined Google in 2000 and became known for his work on the company's early ad system. He co-authored the 2017 "Attention Is All You Need" paper. He left Google...

Co-founder and CEO of Essential AI, co-author of "Attention Is All You Need"

Ashish Vaswani is a machine learning researcher and entrepreneur. He earned his doctorate in machine translation from the University of Southern California and joined Google Brain, where he...

1948 UN declaration of fundamental human rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Drafted by representatives with...

Research field focused on ensuring AI systems act in accordance with human values

AI alignment is a subfield of AI safety research concerned with ensuring that artificial intelligence systems pursue goals and exhibit behaviors consistent with human intentions and values. The field...

AI research laboratory, subsidiary of Alphabet

DeepMind is a British artificial intelligence research laboratory founded in 2010 by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg, and Mustafa Suleyman. Acquired by Google in 2014, it is known for developing AlphaGo,...

AI alignment method using principles-based self-supervision

Constitutional AI (CAI) is a training method introduced by Anthropic in a December 2022 paper. It trains AI models to be harmless using AI-generated feedback guided by a written set of principles,...

AI safety company and developer of Claude

Anthropic is an American AI safety company founded in 2021 by Dario Amodei and Daniela Amodei, along with several former OpenAI researchers. Headquartered in San Francisco, the company develops the...

Public technical university in New Delhi, India

The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) is a public technical and research university in New Delhi, India, established in 1961. It is one of 23 IITs created by the Indian government as...